Specific inhibition of ROS-producing enzymes is an approach more promising of clinical efficacy. The role of hypoxia and subsequent free radical production reactive oxygen species (ROS) have become an area of particular interest in CVD. For diseases caused by a surplus of ROS, antioxidant supplementation has proven largely ineffective in clinical studies, most probably because their action is too late, too little, and too non-specific. Cardiovascular disease (CVD) has been the leading cause of death for many decades, highlighting the importance of new research and treatments in the field. ROS-related disease can be either due to a lack of ROS (e.g., chronic granulomatous disease, certain autoimmune disorders) or a surplus of ROS (e.g., cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases). There are multiple sources of ROS, including NADPH oxidase enzymes similarly, there are a large number of ROS-degrading systems. The term ROS encompasses oxygen free radicals, such as superoxide anion radical (O2) and hydroxyl radical (OH), and nonradical oxidants, such as hydrogen. ROS are also required for biosynthetic processes, including thyroid hormone production and crosslinking of extracellular matrix. Animal inhalation studies have demonstrated adverse effects related to reactive oxygen species (ROS) activity to vary depending on the composition and emission sources of the particles 8. ROS have crucial roles in normal physiological processes, such as through redox regulation of protein phosphorylation, ion channels, and transcription factors. Biological specificity is achieved through the amount, duration, and localisation of ROS production. Indeed, while prolonged exposure to high ROS concentrations may lead to non-specific damage to proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids, low to intermediate ROS concentrations exert their effects rather through regulation of cell signalling cascades. It has long been known that ROS can destroy bacteria and destroy human cells, but research in recent decades has highlighted new roles for ROS in health and disease. Upon reaction with electrons, oxygen is transformed into reactive oxygen species (ROS).
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